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Research on Transdermal Magnesium

Why Magnesium is the Most Important Mineral

By Daniel Kenner,Ph.D., L.Ac; Expert The|Tides Wellness Team.

Of course calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and silicon is another important structural element, so how can we say magnesium is the most important? The reason is because it is so deficient in so many people in developed countries. Studies show that most Americans have magnesium deficient diets, with one in five getting less than half the RDA (recommended daily allowance) for magnesium in their daily diets (1). Magnesium is a coenzyme that catalyzes hundreds of biochemical processes throughout the body. It’s essential for myriad chemical reactions, the production and transport of energy, synthesis of protein, transmission of nerve signals, muscle function, healthy DNA, and more. All the nerves in your body use magnesium to help send messages along the nerve pathways. It is also involved in blood pressure regulation and blood sugar uptake.

A massive epidemiological study from China showed that the more than 1 million people across nine countries who consumed the most magnesium tested out with a 10 percent lower risk of coronary heart disease, a 12 percent lower stroke risk and a 26 percent lower risk of type 2 diabetes(2).

Magnesium deficiency symptoms

Intravenous magnesium has been used to treat acute migraine headaches, acute asthma attacks, eclampsia, the life-threatening hypertension of late pregnancy, and depression among other problems. Many significant health problems can now be attributed to magnesium deficiency including increased insulin resistance leading to diabetes, insomnia, fatigue, muscular tension, nervous hypersensitivity, osteoporosis, atherosclerosis, congestive heart failure, tics, tremors and even some skin disorders.

Why is it so deficient?

The consumption of sugar, alcohol, some chemical exposures and the prevalence of stress in our lives use our magnesium reserves. Magnesium is necessary for calcium transport, so when it is deficient, bones get soft and calcium becomes deposited instead of circulating and integrating into tissue. This can result in bone spurs, cataracts, atherosclerosis and many other problems.

Magnesium supplementation

Magnesium is part of the chlorophyll molecule so it is found in green vegetables. It is also found in various nuts and grains, but for most people supplementation is necessary because with the modern lifestyle, consumption of the magnesium-rich foods doesn’t seem to compensate for the physiological need. One problem with magnesium supplementation is that so much of it is eliminated in the bowel. In fact magnesium sulfate (Epsom salt) is used as a laxative. Magnesium hydroxide is used as an antacid. Both of these forms of magnesium are not useful for supplementing the blood and tissues. Amino acids can help magnesium cross from the gut into the blood stream, but in general it is difficult to supply sufficient magnesium through oral supplementation. For this reason, it is helpful to supplement magnesium intravenously or transdermally. Intravenous treatment is a medical procedure, but transdermal administration is readily available, well known as the Epsom salt bath.

Transdermal magnesium

People have been using minerals like magnesium transdermally for thousands of years. Even though humans have been using the skin as a direct pathway into the body for treatment for centuries, but only recently have we begun to understand the science behind it. Magnesium absorption has been studied in both humans and animals under various experimental conditions. Research in the growing field of balneotherapy, which is using mineral water baths to treat disease, has shown that nutrient minerals in the water can be absorbed by the skin, challenging earlier assumptions. While more research is needed, early results suggest that soaking in hot mineral springs offer numerous benefits for human health. The science confirms the personal reports of many people who report an overall increase in physical, emotional, and mental well-being, not to mention pain relief, as a result of their immersion in mineral baths. It’s not likely that these results are simply the effect of sitting in hot water (3).

Transdermal patches are produced commercially by pharmaceutical companies as delivery systems for nicotine, hormones, pain killers, and others (4). Similarly, herbalists utilize compresses and ointments based on the healing properties of plants. There are prescription estrogen patches, scopolamine patches, nicotine patches – all fairly large molecules compared to magnesium sulfate.

If molecules are small enough, they can slip through the skin. A molecule smaller than 500 Daltons, can drift through the stratum corneum, the outer layer of the skin – the 500 Dalton rule. Magnesium ions are significantly smaller than 500 Daltons, at an atomic mass of just 24 Daltons.

In 2000, Stephen C. Mitchell and Rosemary Waring of the University of Birmingham in the United Kingdom did a review of over 120 books and scholarly articles published last year in the journal Xenobiotica, and also found direct evidence of metallic ions crossing the skin barrier. Nineteen healthy volunteers, ten men and nine women between ages 24 and 64, soaked in Epsom salt baths at 122°F to 131°F on seven consecutive days for 12 minutes. Blood and urine specimens showed that the magnesium had been absorbed and, in some cases, was being excreted. Sulfate levels also rose. The researchers proposed that soaking two to three times a week in 500 to 600 grams of Epsom salts would provide maximum benefit (5).

In another experiment, using human skin at 98.6°F, the same researchers, Waring and Mitchell found that sulfates rapidly penetrated the skin barrier but magnesium did not. One of the criticisms of treatment with transdermal magnesium is that it is only absorbed into the skin and sequestered there. Other experiments by Mitchell convinced him that magnesium crosses the dermis and is stored as a protein complex in the skin, where it is slowly released. In one test where two older patients wore patches of solid magnesium sulfate, blood and urine samples revealed elevated levels. The volunteers also remarked that their rheumatic pains had disappeared. The article, “Sulphate Absorption Across Biological Membranes,” focused on compounds that include sulfates, an arrangement of one sulfur and four oxygen atoms, such as magnesium sulfate.

Increase in tissue- and blood levels

In another study both the blood level as well as the cellular magnesium content was determined with the help of a hair analysis before and after a twelve week transdermal application with a 31 percent saturated magnesium chloride solution. After a twelve week course of treatment, an average rise in the cellular magnesium content of 59.5% was determined in 89 percent of the test subjects. All participants showed an average improvement of 25.2% in the calcium-magnesium ratio during the test period. As an additional effect, a clear indication of a detoxification of toxic metals was observed in 78 percent of the test subjects (6).

Despite the relatively small sample size the results are significant. Data shows that around 74% of the population in general are likely to have sub optimal levels of magnesium. The concentrated magnesium chloride form  can significantly improve cellular magnesium in over 59% of these patients. Magnesium chloride as a transdermal application reaches beyond the potential of orally administered magnesium and saturates the tissues, delivering high concentrations of magnesium to where it is needed most: at the cellular level, directly into the circulation and sometimes directly entering the tissues.

The chloride radical has an even smaller atomic mass than the sulfate radical and is found in all body fluids. It is responsible for maintaining pH balance, transmitting nerve impulses and regulating fluid into and out of cells. This study confirms that transdermal application of magnesium in the chloride form will raise magnesium levels within the body over a relatively short period of time.

More evidence for skin absorption of minerals

There are many things that affect skin absorption. Absorption occurs by distribution around and through the cells that make up the skin. Some absorption takes place along hair follicles or through sweat ducts. Skin thickness and barrier accessibility are different in various areas so absorption rates will vary in different parts of the body. Hair follicles significantly contribute towards topical magnesium absorption by up to 40% (7).

An in vitro clinical trial carried out at the University of Cardiff proved that elemental magnesium could be delivered to the cells of the body through a transdermal delivery. The trial showed that the skin started absorption with immediate effect and the action was accelerated with a short period of massaging the application area after spraying the magnesium solution onto the skin sample (8).

Another study set out to determine whether magnesium in a cream could be absorbed through the skin to increase magnesium status. Twenty-five participants were randomly assigned either a 56- mg magnesium cream or a placebo cream to use daily for two weeks. Serum and urinary magnesium levels were tested before and after application.

There was no change in the placebo group’s baseline levels, but people using the magnesium cream saw a clinically relevant increase in both serum and urinary levels of magnesium. Even though participants applied relatively small quantities of magnesium (56-mg daily) use of the magnesium cream resulted in a significant increase in magnesium levels (9).

Finally, a study in Poland specifically addressed the issue of ion diffusion through the skin. Using ion chromatography, researchers demonstrated in vitro that the metal cation magnesium can diffuse through the skin. The Polish researchers found evidence for multiple routes of absorption (10): There are probably different routes of ions penetration through the skin. It is also supported by different transportation characteristics of individual ions through the skin that can unfold and manifest over time. It is hypothesized that metallic ions may travel between the cells, through the cells and along hair follicles.

Absorption occurs by distribution around and through the cells that make up the skin. Some absorption takes place along hair follicles or through sweat ducts11. Skin thickness and barrier accessibility are different in various areas so absorption rates will vary in different parts of the body.

Other criticism

The internationally renowned Mayo Clinic in Rochester Minnesota (USA) investigated transdermal application of Magnesium oil for fibromyalgia. Forty women with a clinically determined diagnosis of fibromyalgia participated in the study. The type and manifestation of the complaints were documented on a scale using a special questionnaire. The data were recorded at the beginning, after 2 weeks and 4 weeks treatment time. Every participant was asked to spray and massage in 4 spray strokes of magnesium oil twice a day on her arms and legs for 4 weeks. Twenty-four participants completed the study. All participants reported that all complaints had improved significantly (12).

One critic from “Headache News Blog” posted a complaint that “You can’t get magnesium through the skin. The company that sponsored the study has a product they’d like to sell to the unsuspecting public and it will certainly use this “study” and the Mayo Clinic name to sell their miracle spray. The Mayo Clinic is a highly respected institution and I hope they will not allow its name to be associated with such poor quality marketing studies.”

If a study is poorly designed, then logically you can’t conclude anything from it. To conclude that you can’t get magnesium through the skin betrays a serious bias from the critic. Of course the study was not decisive, but most pain and quality of life studies are by means of questionnaire since it is very difficult to assess pain or quality of life objectively and numerically. It is also a fact that pharmaceutical companies carry out research on their products, so criticism of research on a nontoxic product seems unjustified.

Optimizing magnesium supplementation

To achieve sufficient magnesium, supplementing orally and transdermally is optimum. There are many forms of magnesium available for oral administration. The most efficient forms according to studies are magnesium chloride, aspartate, lactate and orotate13-17. Magnesium citrate tests fairly well despite its traditional use as a colon cleanser or laxative (18).

Magnesium orotate seems to have a protective role in heart disease. Magnesium orotate improved heart failure symptoms in about 40% of patients (15). Preliminary research in animals and humans suggests that this protective role of magnesium orotate may relate to its involvement in the synthesis of genetic material such as RNA and DNA (16). A 500 milligram tablet of magnesium orotate may contain only 31 milligrams of magnesium, but the magnesium is absorbed very efficiently by your body. Magnesium oxide doesn’t test well (13) and magnesium malate may provide some additional pain relief.

But it’s also important to create conditions whereby transdermal treatment can be as effective as possible. There are several factors that can optimize absorption through the skin:

  • Bathing in magnesium chloride increases the area of application.
  • Absorption through the skin is not homogeneous. Areas such as the scalp and armpits have higher rates of absorption. Many of the studies were performed using a cream or lotion applied to a small area of the skin.
  • Increasing the amount of time the application is left on the skin or the time pf bathing. Twenty minutes is sufficient for most people but sometimes 30-35 minutes may be desirable
  • Heat enhances the delivery in a bath compared to a lotion
  • Increased temperature of the area of application
  • Increasing the frequency of applications or baths
  • Well-hydrated skin will be more efficient if a cream or lotion is used.

Conclusion

Combining oral and transdermal administration of magnesium will give the best results in raising magnesium levels to normal. One can expect to see improvements in a wide range of health challenges if they are able to achieve this result.

References

  1. Problem nutrients in the United States. agris.fao.org/agris-search/
  2. Wang F, Fang X, Wang K, Han D, Dietary magnesium intake and the risk of cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, and all-cause mortality: a dose-response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies, BioMed Central Medicine, 2016; 14:210
  3. Bender T, Bálint G, Prohászka Z, Géher P, Tefner I, Evidence-based hydro- and balneotherapy in Hungary-a systematic review and meta-analysis, International Journal of Biometeorology 2014; 58(3): 311-323.
    Published online 2013 May 16. 
  4. Scheindlin S. Transdermal Drug Delivery: Past, Present, Future. Molecular Interventions, 2004; 4: 308-312.
  5. Mitchell S, Waring R, Sulphate absorption across biological membranes, Xenobiotica. 2016;46(2):184-91. 
  6. Watkins K, Josling PD. A pilot study to determine the impact of transdermal magnesium treatment on serum levels and whole body CaMg ratios. European Journal of Nutraceutical Research April 2010
    http://www.cnelm.com/NutritionPractitioner/Issues/Issue_11_1/Articles/7%20Transdermal%20Mg%20revised2.pdf
  7. Chandrasekaran N, Sanchez W, Mohammed Y, Grice J, Roberts M, Barnard R, Permeation of topically applied Magnesium ions through human skin is facilitated by hair follicles, Magnesium Research 2016 Jun 1; 29(2):35-42. doi: 10.1684/mrh.2016.0402.
  8. In vitro transdermal delivery of magnesium – Dr Heard and Dr Houston – Cardiff University Pharmacy and Pharmacology Department 2010.
    http://www.bioplanet.ee/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/Magnesium-report-Cardiff-Uni.pdf
  9. Kass L, Rosanoff A, Tanner A, Sullivan K, McAuley W, Plesset M (2017) Effect of transdermal
    magnesium cream on serum and urinary magnesium levels in humans: A pilot study. PLoS ONE 12(4):
    https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0174817
  10. Laudańska H, Lemancewicz A, Kretowska M, Reduta T, Laudański T. Permeability of human skin to selected anions and cations-in vitro studies. Research Communications in Molecular Pathology and Pharmacology. 2002; 112(1-4):16-26.
  11. Chandrasekaran N, Sanchez W, Mohammed Y, Grice J, Roberts M, Barnard R, Permeation of topically applied Magnesium ions through human skin is facilitated by hair follicles, Magnesium Research 2016 Jun 1; 29(2):35-42. doi: 10.1684/mrh.2016.0402.
  12. Engen D, McAllister S, Whipple M, et al, Effects of transdermal magnesium chloride on quality of life for patients with fibromyalgia: a feasibility study, Journal of Integrative Medicine Editorial Office. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26343101
  13. Muhlbauer B. Schwenk M, Coran WM et al, Magnesium-L-aspartate-HCL and magnesium-oxide: bioavailability in healthy volunteers, European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 1991; 40: 437-438.
  14. Firoz M, Graber M. Bioavailability of US commercial magnesium preparations, Magnesium Research 2001 Dec;14(4):257-62.
  15. Walker A, Marakis G, Christie S, Byng M, Mg citrate found more bioavailable than other Mg preparations in a randomised, double-blind study, Magnesium Research 2003 Sep;16(3):183-91.
  16. Stepura O, Martynow A, Magnesium orotate in severe congestive heart failure (MACH), International Journal of Cardiology 2009; May 1;134(1):145-7.
  17. Rosenfeldt F, Metabolic supplementation with orotic acid and magnesium orotate, Cardiovascular Drugs Therapy 1998; Sep;12 Suppl 2:147-52.
  18. Walker A, Marakis G, Christie S, Byng M, Mg citrate found more bioavailable than other Mg preparations in a randomised, double-blind study, Magnesium Research 2003 Sep;16(3):183-91.
Seaweed and Algae | Pure, potent and powerful
 
The seaweed that we use in our formulation is sustainably and ethically sourced on land along the coastline. It 100% organic, thus preserving its nutritional content and undergoes no chemical treatment, contains no preservatives.

The seaweed grows in seawater pools which mimic the marine environment. Clear seawater is pumped from the depths of the sea and after a cleansing filtering process it flows into the seaweed growing pools. The seaweed grows in mineral rich unpolluted seawater and is divided into age groups; the ‘Baby House, the Children’s House’ and the ‘Adults ‘. The unique pools imitate the conditions in the sea, the pools are open to the sun and condensers in the water create wave-like movements. After the growing process is completed, the water is pumped back to the sea. The seaweed’s organic growth is monitored according to recognized international standards

About Seaweed

Seaweed and human plasma are almost identical in their chemical composition. It contains an abundance of minerals, vitamins, anti-oxidants and amino acids (especially iodine). Seaweed is known for its slimming and body toning properties, it promotes detoxification, is deeply hydrating and soothing for the skin and can aid in relieving topical skin conditions. Due to its rich mineral content it is a natural stress buster and relieves muscles pain and tense joints.
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Magnesium Chloride | The ultimate relaxation and feel good mineral

The Source

The magnesium in our formulas is a true Dutch original. Originating from a 250-million-year-old evaporated sea from the Pangea Era it is sustainably sourced by just using water pressure. As the magnesium has never been exposed to modern day pollution, this unique in the world magnesium is certainly the most pure and natural source of magnesium chloride in the world known to date.

About magnesium

The magnesium chloride molecule is the same molecule that is present in seawater and in our bodies. It controls hundreds of chemical reactions in the body; the production and transport of energy, synthesis of protein and is essential for transmission of nerve signals, muscle function, healthy DNA, blood pressure regulation and blood sugar uptake. It is in an important mineral to keep our brains and bodies strong. When our magnesium levels dip and become low we can feel stressed, fatigued, as well as experience sleep deprivation and skin disorders can occur too. Think about magnesium as the ultimate relaxation and feel good mineral which our bodies need to operate optimally. If our magnesium levels are perfectly balanced it can make us feel like we are on top of the world.

Can magnesium can be absorbed through the skin?

If molecules are small enough, they can slip through the skin. A molecule smaller than 500 Daltons, can drift through the stratum corneum, the outer layer of the skin - the 500 Dalton rule. Magnesium Chloride ions are significantly smaller than 500 Daltons, at an atomic mass of just 24 Daltons.
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Grey Sea Salt | A mineral powerhouse
 
The Source

As we take no short-cuts with our ingredients we researched many different salts and consciously choose grey sea salt. Not only is this salt sustainably farmed but also hand-harvested using a traditional ancient 2000 years old method. This tradition of craftsmanship has been passed down from generation to generation of salt marsh workers and is still used today.

 How does it work?

Mineral-rich ocean water is channeled through an ingenious channel system to shallow clay swamps acting as a natural purification method, as microbes in the clay neutralize impurities in the seawater. Tests show that the salt is 100 % pollution free due to this time-honored natural purification system. After a journey of 2 weeks in the channels, the salt is collected at one of the many ancient sea beds where it evaporates by the sun, leaving only the salt crystals with over 80 vital trace minerals and electrolytes. As the salt is not washed but sun dried, the refined mineral balance remains completely intact. Many other sea salts are bleached, chemically derived and oven dried which means that many of their vital bioavailable nutrients get lost.

About Grey Sea  Salt

Grey sea salt contains over 80+ vital minerals such as magnesium, potassium, calcium, iron, manganese, zinc, copper. Bathing in raw grey sea salt helps to detoxify, condition and heal the skin; it increases circulation, draws out impurities, cleanses the skin pores, removes dead skin cells, leaving the skin soft and thoroughly cleansed. It’s amazing mineral content helps to restore the protective skin barrier of the skin, helps to enhance hydration and greatly aides in reducing inflammation. That’s why people with inflammatory skin conditions are often advised to swim in the sea as part of their treatment. Grey sea salt is also a great source of electrolytes, which plays an important role in the nervous system. They are vital for our brain, heart and muscle health. Grey Sea Salt can easily be absorbed through the skin through bathing.
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Sea Clay | The Noblest of Clays

The Source

Our clay is sustainably and ethically mined, undergoes no chemical treatment, contains no preservatives and is sun dried which not only preserves its rich mineral content but also does not reject Co2 in the atmosphere. The often oven dried and cheap versions available on the market loose many of its mineral content. The particle size of our clay is only 20 µm which easily dissolves in water and does not clog the drain, when used in a bath. 

About Sea Clay

The clay that we use in our bath formulations contain over 80+ minerals and trace elements such as magnesium, potassium, silica, manganese, phosphorous, copper and selenium and has been used for thousands of years by many civilizations for its cleansing, purifying, re-mineralizing and balancing properties. Bathing is Sea Clay has a cleansing and purifying effect. The ionic charge of our clay is 100% negative and adsorbs and absorbs positive charged ions. Almost everything that attacks our bodies like bacteria, viruses, fungi, and toxic chemicals, is of a positive ionic charge. With its negative charge and very fine texture it draws out the positive charged impurities and toxins while releasing its minerals and trace elements into contact with the skin. Due to its rich mineral content it naturally eases sore muscles, relieves tension in joints and combats fatigue.
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Only use your jade roller on a clean face. Before your start rolling apply a few drops of the Pure Radiance | Face Oil  on your face, neck and chest. Follow the steps hereafter.

Roll lightly do not press too firmly. Repeat every stroke a few times but always pick up the roller and start again from the starting point. Don’t roll backwards. After finishing one side of the face you repeat the same procedure on the other side of your face.

Chest
Start with the large sized stone on your chest and roll along your skin with outward and upward strokes moving towards the lymph.

Neck
Move up to the base of the neck rolling with the large size stone upwards to the jawline.

Chin, Jawline
Continue with the large size stone from the middle of the chin and roll under the chin and on the jawline with outward and upward strokes towards the ear.

Mouth
Roll with the small size stone under, up and above the lips with outward and upward strokes toward the ear.

Cheeks
Roll from the large size stone from the nose outwards toward the ear.

Under Eye and Eye lid
Start with the small size stone at the inner corner of the eye and move very gently to the temple.

Eyebrow
Follow  the contour of your eyebrow  with the small size stone and roll outwards and down to the temple.

Forehead
Start at the middle of your forehead and roll with the large size stone upwards and outwards towards the hairline.

Repeat the same procedure on the other side of your face.

Clean your jade roller with warm water and soap after use, dry with a clean paper towel and store in a clean, dry place.
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Only use the Jade stone on a clean face. Before your start apply a few drops of  Pure Radiance | Face Oil on your face and neck, warm the Jade stone up between your hands.  Follow the steps hereafter.

It is important to always keep the stone flat against your skin and perform light and long strokes, do not put too much pressure on the stone. Repeat every stroke a few times but always pick up the stone and start again from the starting point. After finishing one side of the face you repeat the same procedure on the other side of your face. Always us lightly and give a tiny wiggle at the end of the movement to support removal of waste under the skin.

Neck
Start at the neck and sweep up gently toward the jawline.

Chin , Jawline and Mouth area
Move up to the middle of your chin and sweep the area that’s right under your chin with outward and upwards strokes toward the bottom of your ear.
Continue from the area under your lip sweep on your jawline with outward and upwards strokes toward the bottom of your ear.
Continue from the middle of the upper lip and sweep with outward and upwards strokes toward your ear.

Cheeks
Start from the side of your nose and sweep across your cheeks and underneath the cheekbones with outward and upwards strokes toward the hairline.

Under Eye
Sweep very gently under your eye from the inner corner of the eye and move very lightly  to the temple.

Eyebrow
Follow the contour of your eyebrow and sweep lightly outward down to the temple staying on the brow bone.

Forehead
Start from the area right between your eyebrows (third eye) Sweep lightly upwards towards the hairline and continue to go down on the hairline and down to the jawline to the collarbone.
Continue from the middle of your forehead and gently sweep right above your eyebrows, towards your temple down to the jawline to the collarbone.

Sweeping down all the way to the collarbone is important to collect the lymph you moved to the side of your face so that it moves towards the lymphatic drainage points.

Repeat the same procedure on the other side of your face.

Clean your jade stone with warm water and soap after use, dry with a clean paper towel and store in a clean, dry place.
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Always use the cups on a clean face. Before your start, apply a very generous amount of the Pure Radiance | Face Oil on your face and neck, this is important for good and safe suction and gliding. DON'T let the cup sit in one place, as that can cause bruising. Keep it moving!  Follow the steps hereafter carefully as the lymphatic drainage in every step is most important.

Repeat every stroke a few times but always pick up the cup and start again from the starting point. After finishing one side of the face you repeat the same procedure on the other side of your face.

Chin, Jawline and Cheeks
Put the large cup under the midpoint of your chin and move the cup outward and upwards towards the ear and down to the jawline to the collarbone.  Apply a little jiggle to stimulate the lymph at the of the movement.
Continue with the jawline and the cheeks, move the cup outward and upwards strokes toward the hairline and down to the collarbone. Apply a little jiggle to stimulate the lymph at the of the movement. 

Mouth area
Move the small cup around the mouth area and lips.

Under Eye
Move with the small cup very gently under your eye and move very lightly  to the temple and down to the jaw to the collarbone.

Forehead
Start from the area right between your eyebrows (third eye) Move lightly upwards towards the hairline and continue to go down on the hairline and down to the jawline to the collarbone.
Continue from the middle of your forehead and gently move the cup right above your eyebrows, towards your temple down to the jawline to the collarbone.

Moving down all the way to the collarbone is important to collect the lymph you moved to the side of your face towards the lymphatic drainage.

Repeat the same procedure on the other side of your face. As facial cupping is an intensive treatment only do it once a week.

Soak the cups in warm water and soap after use, dry them with a clean paper towel and store in a clean, dry place.
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